Chapter 19 Outline Perceptions on Slavery Essay - 1215 Words

Chapter 19 Outline The different perspectives on slavery continued to cause arguments throughout the 1850’s. The attempts to settle slavery in peaceful manner eventually disappeared. By 1855, the territory of Kansas marked the beginning of violent disputes between proslavery and antislavery. Two years later, the Dred Scott decision caused even more tensions on the slavery problem. In 1860 the Republican party formed and nominated Lincoln for president who spoke much about the topic of slavery. All in all, the stage was being set for the civil war. I. Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries: a. Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 i. Inspired by the Fugitive Slave Law, Harriet Beecher Stowe writes†¦show more content†¦In 1857 Kansas finally could apply for statehood because they reached an enough amount of people. Yet again the citizens would vote to make Kansas either pro or free slave state. The Lecompton Constitution is made to control free-soilers and appeal to the pro-slavery southerners. The constitution caused problems because obviously northerners didn’t agree with it. In the end the constitution was thrown off by free-soil voters. Kansas never becomes a state until southern states seceded from the Union. IV. â€Å"Bully† Brooks and His Bludgeon: a. Charles Sumner Senator of Massachusetts gives a speech and is afterward beaten by Preston Brook. i. In 1856, Senator Charles Sumner an abolitionist gives an elaborate speech titled â€Å"The Crimes Against Kansas†. In general his speech was like by Northerners and hated or looked down on by Southerners. Also in his speech he offends Senator Andrew Butler and two days later his nephew Preston Brook beats Sumner with cane until he is unconscious. V. â€Å"Old Buck† Versus â€Å"The Pathfinder†: a. James Buchanan and John C. Fremont are candidates for the election of 1856 i. The Democrats elect James Buchanan (Old Buck) and the Republican Party elects Captain Jon C. Frà ©mont also called The Pathfinder of the West to run for the presidential election of 1856. Democrats campaigned for popular sovereignty and Republicans were against the expansion of slavery. The American Party/ Know-Nothing Party chose Millard Fillmore asShow MoreRelatedEssay about Mosaic Dietary Laws4696 Words   |  19 Pagesof Genesis placed few restrictions, if any, on the consumption of vegetables or fruit, and it was not until the development of a sacrificial system that the people of Israel found restrictions placed on a variety of different food types. In Leviticus 19: 23-25, these restrictions begin with the assertion that consumption of the early fruits of a young tree was forbidden. After the first three years, the fruit was then taken to a temple for worship and to be blessed, after which time consumption couldRead MoreMosaic Dietary Laws4763 Words   |  20 PagesGenes is placed few restrictions, if any, on the consumption of vegetables or fruit, and it was not until the development of a sacrificial system that the people of Israel found restrictions placed on a variety of different food types. In Leviticus 19: 23-25, these restrictions begin with the assertion that consumption of the early fruits of a young tree was forbidden. After the first three years, the fruit was then taken to a temple for worship and to be blessed, after which time consumption couldRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesquestion provides three topics that can be used as a template for structuring the lines of analysis in their essays—westward expansion, the market economy, and early industrialization. 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The Great Gatsby As A Satire Essay - 599 Words

The Great Gatsby as a Satire nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Satire is an implement used by authors to point out a flaw of society or group of people in general. There are different levels of satire that the author can use. For example, the author may employ a type a formal satire known as Juvenalian satire. Here, the writer points out a subject with anger and contempt for it in a bitter fashion. There is also the contrasting form of Juvenalian satire called Horatian satire. Here, the writer points out a subject with a gentleness and jovial tenderness. The second main type of satire is informal. This is the type of satire used in The Great Gatsby. Here, Fitzgerald uses Nick to point out the characters flaws and makes each person the butt†¦show more content†¦On outward appearance, Jay Gatsby seemed to be a rich, well-rounded man who was always very poised and eloquent. But when turned inward, this confident man seemed very self-conscious and scared. 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Tom even brings a bottle of liquor along as he Daisy, Jordan, Gatsby and Nick prepare to go for a drive. Fitzgerald employs the use of alcohol to show that no matter what the law states, people will find a way to break it and do what they please. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fitzgerald uses each character and action in TheShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby Satire Analysis1056 Words   |  5 PagesAuthors use satire to bring the reader’s attention to various aspects of a society by illustrating the ridiculous and criticizing the evils he/she sees within it. Throughout The Great Gatsby, Francis Scott Fitzgerald criticizes the classes of the 1920s, who had so much money they could get away with adultery and murder without consequences. Nearly all the characters in The Great Gatsby are motivated by love and desire. 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Scott Fitzgerald revisits his fascinating childhood in a more fictitious manner. The Great Gatsby describes and details the life of a young man from Minnesota, known as Nick Carraway, who moves to New York after World War 1 during the Roaring Twenties when the ideaRead MoreExamples Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1227 Words   |  5 PagesTrey Orosco Mrs. Russell IB English 17 November 2017 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby as a satire on American ideals during the 1920s. He shows just how careless everyone is at the time by setting them up in the community of East and West Egg. Fitzgerald portrays two major themes throughout the book. One of the themes is how The American dream is corrupted by the desire for wealth while the other is how The achievement of a dream may be less satisfying than the pursuitRead MoreLove story vs Satire827 Words   |  4 PagesAP  Literature  and  Composition  Ã‚   Ms.  Harrison   27  November  2014   Is  Fitzgerald  writing  a  love  story  that  embraces  American  ideals,  or  a  satire  that  comments  on   American  ideals?   Love  Story  vs.  Satire     At  the  surface  of  this  novel  it’s  an  ongoing  love  story  but  when  you  peel  away  at  the   layers  it  is  actually  a  satire  of  society’s  expectations.  The  novel  The  Great  Gatsby  by  F.  Scott   Fitzgerald  was  written  to  criticize  the  American  dream  of  the  1920s  through  love  affairs,and   corrupted  ambitions.   Read MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1458 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature 12 April 2016 â€Å"The Jazz Age† The iconic novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. 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The Great Gatsby is said to be one of the essential Jazz Age documents; the work most commonly considered an accurate reflection of American lifeRead MoreThe great Gatsby is too concerned with conveying a picture of 1920’s American society to have relevance to modern readers.1129 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The great Gatsby is too concerned with conveying a picture of 1920’s American society to have relevance to modern readers. With reference to appropriately selected parts of the novel and relevant contextual information on both today’s society and society in the 1920’s, give your response to the above view.† As a heavily contextual literary piece, the great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald is regarded as one of the greatest pieces of modern American literature of all time. The book as achievedRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1101 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 1302 Paper #7 The Great Gatsby 7 May 2015 American Dream Realities In the novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the story of a man named Jay Gatsby is told through the perspective of Nick Carraway. Gatsby had a special plan for what he thought his life should consist of, and stopped at nothing to make sure that he rose above his poor roots into a wealthy, socially admirable status. With hopes of winning over the heart of his former lover, Daisy Buchanan, Gatsby took every measure he

Belief System Introduction Free Essays

string(60) " principle that says we should treat our fellow man kindly\." Belief System Introduction Each country has its own culture as each person has his/her own religion. Belief system of a person or a society is the set of beliefs that they have about what things are right, wrong and what things are true, false. The personal beliefs of us play a small part in each religion, which it points out the special of it that no others can have. We will write a custom essay sample on Belief System Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Religion is certainly a type of belief system, but not all belief systems are religion. Each individual person has different types of belief system, hence, the ways their behaviors are and the ways they act are different. But when that individual person Join in a specific religion, he/she needs to follow all typical laws or rules that that religion has made and created. For society: a group of people that has the same belief system will have the same acts together, forming a basic standard for that society. Due to different religion, that group of people will have different ways of solving problems. For example: when there is a disadvantage as a difficult circumstance, the Buddhists will organize a donated campaign where people can help each other to bring up the society, making it more and more better. Last but not east, things usually go the way it decided to go and so sometimes we become conscious with everything around us. Along the Journey of life, we will be able to find out what and where we want to become. Hence, belief system is an actual set of precepts, which our daily gives us words, actions and thoughts in life. Belief system can refer to [1] A religion- the belief in and worship of a god or gods, or a set of beliefs concerning the origin and purpose of the universe. A philosophy – a personal outlook our viewpoint. An ideology – a set of idea that constitutes one’s goal, expectation and actions. It is a ay of looking at things and theorizes of a visionary or impractical nature. [1] Global/ International Perspective Depend on each region, each area, each ethnic and each family; an individual person choose for his/her own religion, as it should be suitable with their mind, and they like to be apart of the religion. They must be instructed in an appropriate way and a right way and they have the rights to choose whether they want to be in the religion or not. There is no force in this. It should also depend on How they act What they do How they treat things (interact with others) MAJOR RELIGION IN THE WORLD 1. Buddhism [3] [4] [5] Buddhism focuses on the development of a personal spirit. The number of Buddhists in the world at between 230 million and 500 million is making it the world’s fourth-largest religion. Buddhists believe that life should not be destroyed Buddhists take responsibilities for what they do and the results they receive. Buddhists try not to harm living things, try to have a kind-hearted and always control feeling and think clearly before doing a thing Buddhists are required to have equal respect to all living things. Buddhists go to pagoda, temple to pray for good. All temples represent for 5 elements, which is: Fire, Water, Wisdom, Earth, Air and hey have a statue of Buddha. 2. Hinduism About 900 million persons or 14 percent of the world’s population follow Hinduism. It is world’s 3rd largest religion in the world Major religion in India (80%) and Nepal Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world. Hindus believe in a Supreme God. Hindus believe that life is a cycle of birth. We born, we death and reborn. Hindus believe that successful life depends on how the previous life was lived. Hindus believe that killing a baby that hasn’t born yet is worse than killing parents. But also because boy is more prefer women may choose to abort the baby to prevent new baby girl would be born. Most Hindus are vegetarians and they don’t eat beef. 3. Islam With 1. 57 billion Muslims, Islam is the second-largest religion in the world. People who follow Islam are called Muslim Muslims believe that God sent prophets Jesus, Moses and Abraham) down to teach them the way of living. Muslims believe that their final prophet was Muhammad. Muslims believe in angels. Muslims believe they have only one God is Allah and Allah was the one who created all living things. Muslims who are women are allowed to get abortion because Muslims believe the women are responsible for it and they are originators who give earth for the baby. Muslims believe animals exist for a benefit of human beings and they are not allowed to harm or treat them bad. . Christianity [1 2. 1 billion Followers bring Christianity to be the world’s biggest religion. People who follow Christianity are called Christian. Christianity focuses on the teaching of Jesus Christ who believed are the Son of God. Christians believe God had created animal for human to use so Christians are allowed to treat animals whatever the way they want to. In the old time Now, C hristians believe they have to treat animals kindly due to they are weaker than us, ND God created animals to live a harmony live with human. They deserve to be respected somehow and treated generous. They read, learn and follow things from the Bible. Valentine is the most popular which everyone not only Christian know about this day 14 February which came from Saint Valentine. The cross symbol of the Christian is one of the most powerful symbols in the world which you can see it everywhere in your daily life. You even wear them on your body. Christians usually go to church on weekend to show their love and obedience to God, to build up their spirit strength ND to provide fellowship with other Christians. 1 *Almost every religion has some sort of principle that says we should treat our fellow man kindly. You read "Belief System Introduction" in category "Papers" Furthermore, many religions go a step further and give specific instructions on how we should care for the poor and downtrodden in society. Atheism The road to atheism tends to be very personal and individual, based upon the specific circumstances of a personâ€⠄¢s life, experiences, and attitudes. Nevertheless, it is possible to describe some general similarities, which tend to be common among quite a few atheists, particularly atheists in the West. Atheism is characterized by an absence of belief in the existence of gods. This absence of belief generally comes about either through deliberate choice, or from an inherent inability to believe religious teachings that seem literally incredible. It is not a lack of belief born out of simple ignorance of religious teachings. Globalization affect to belief system Globalization refers to connect worldwide together, creates relationship between people and makes them become more familiar with each other. People from different region and areas can easy know about each other and how they are doing in other part of the world. Globalization also is the expansion of global linkages, the organization of social life on a global scale, and the growth of a global consciousness, hence to the consolidation of world society. Globalization affects culture because when people of different cultures and from different places come together and shares what they have; they get to know each other. They bring back what they have learned and it enters into society and culture. If we focus on the cultural consequences of â€Å"globalization†, we see positive and negative effects. Through globalization, people are not indiscriminate like in the past. Nowadays, through traveling, Internet, high technology, free flow of information, people have more logical and scientific reason to be sure in their belief. It is somehow can not explain all the original of a problem but it helps people to know whether that thing is right or wrong to believe in. Beside the positive aspects of globalization is its negative aspect: CONFLICT between nations. Conflict doesn’t mean that there has to be a fight between nations, it could be arise from two different belief systems. For example: The Arab-Israeli Conflict is act of hostility and political tensions have lasted about a century. It involves the establishment of the modern State of Israel, as well as the establishment and independence of many Arab countries during the same period, and relations between Arab countries and Israel The conflict between Islam and the West: The continuous violence of Muslims around the world to publish the cartoon of the Prophet Muhammad. All of this violence, whether or not excited by the extremist Islamic group, showed a strong rise of the Islamic spirit, and challenge the dominance of Western civilization. Muslim conflict – the West has and continues to emerge as the main trends of world politics in the 21st century. Solutions: _Promote Dialogue Youth Hanoi could strengthen traveling to visit an Islamic country or China to exchange through seminars and conferences. Cultural Exchange: tourists visit to Western Country _Mutual Learning _Exchange experiences _Organize training courses All of these actions enhance exchanges and mutual understanding and exchange of neutral understanding. Different belief system can bring different ways of doing things such as many people in the world nowadays think that same-sex marriage is Just a normal things. But for some people and parents, they think it’s not acceptable and they do not allow it to append to their children or their relatives. This is one of the problems that are happening in the world also. Local/National Perspective Vietnamese belief system Vietnam is a country with many forms of belief and religion. Vietnam is very convenient with connecting culture, religions with other countries in the world because of its position located. 5] At present, in Vietnam, there are about 75 % of the population have their own belief system, of which millions in 76 millions total followers of 6 religions, but most of the population are non-religious. Buddhism: 10 millions followers Christian: 5. Millions followers Protestantism: 60. 000 followers Muslim: 1 million followers Ho Hay Buddhism: 1. 3 millions followers Cacao Dad: 2. 4 millions followers. Vietnamese belief system can refer to many factors Culture Position located Family perspective Personal perspective Rules/Laws In Vietnam, we celebrate both New Year Events and Lunar New Year that maybe only China has the same traditional. During Et Holiday, the young children will receive lucky money that will bring them luck for the whole year that include good health, well-doing in education etc. We also have spirit money and lucky items that we always bring it beside us. We consider it as something will protect and bring luck to us. In Vietnam, people usually work in a group, they listen to other opinions to consider whether it’s right or wrong, they sometimes need proof for their belief. Hence, from there, they believe and follow what they informed about. We can hardly distinguish the Vietnamese Culture because it is the mixture of many belief system, values due to the influences of neighboring countries. Even Vietnam is not a rich country but the Vietnamese people are very easily integrated. We seem to have one common belief system is that in every situation, whether we are at home, school or many, respect is always the very important to show how we behave. We have our own freedom to believe in what we think is right beside rules and laws that have applied to follow. Parents in Vietnam believe the age when they can be sure that their children are fully grow-up is 22 right after they finish university, however, their children are consider adults once they reach the age of 18. The mother in Vietnam also really hard to allow their daughter to go out lately at night and commonly, they usually don’t accept for them to sleep over their friend’s house when they are monger than 18, the mother believe that it’s not appropriate and it should not happen if you are a girl. Even though we have many different belief systems in our country, maybe in a small community also, but we don’t have and show any bad attitudes to others. We respect it, and we know that each person can have his/her own religions, they might think the way we never do, but they don’t as we either. More important, what they do don’t usually effect our lives. Family/Personal Perspective I am not really Buddhist but I read book and I follow some of the rules that Buddha teaches. I feel that all of those things are right and I believe that it is good for me to learn it. What I believe is not really same as my family, but somehow, because I am not fully-grown up yet so I can’t really make my own choice. But in my opinion, the life now is very different from the life of few decades ago, so the way my parents think cannot be same as young people now. I have some of my friends who are Christian. We have a lot of not common things such as I go to temple but they go to church. They believe in Jesus Christ but we believe in Buddha. And there are many of the things they do different from me. I think it is important to study to understand the relationship of belief system to social behavior in order to avoid significant errors in social interaction. Each person has his/her own religion so we have to respect it. It feels weird when something that you never do before but surely there’s once when they feel the same way to you. How to cite Belief System Introduction, Papers

Integrated Marketing Communication Improving Performance Mcdonalds

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Importance Of Integrated Marketing Communication For Improving The Performance Of Mcdonald's In The Uk? Answer: Introduction and Background Introduction Marketing management is one of the most important factors for making an organization successful in todays business world (Selvakumar 2013). However, the business environment and related aspects are changing frequently (Belch and Belch 2012). Such changes largely affect a business, particularly the brands that expanded their business globally (Carroll 2013). This is because the global marketplace includes a complex set of rivals fighting for acquiring customers in a rapidly changing business environment (Clow and Baack 2012). In addition, new companies are also emerging on a daily basis (Shin 2013). Different customers in different regions have different needs and expectations (Kelly and Jones 2012). Marketing strategies for any particular region are unlikely to be effective for different other regions (Shimp and Andrews 2013). Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is one of the recent marketing phenomena that can help the companies to enhance their sales and to promote brand imag e (Nellermoe 2012). IMC is the coordination and integration of all the available marketing communication avenues, tools and sources for maximising impacts on the customers at a minimal cost (Naeem, Bilal and Naz 2013). McDonald's is one of the most precious leading multinational brands that offer delicious and healthy fast food items (Forbes.com 2016). The company expanded their business in more than 100 countries across the globe (Aboutmcdonalds.com 2016). Europe is one of the most profitable regions for them concerning to sales and market-share. However, McDonald's has not been yet able to utilise the UK market effectively, even after launching 1,200 restaurants and employing 97,000 people in the UK (McDonalds UK 2016). According to many business experts, the management of McDonald's may significantly invested in different marketing activities, but they mostly failed to realise the actual marketing needs in the UK market. Research Aim The key aim of the current research is to evaluate the importance of integrated marketing communications (IMC) for improving the performance of McDonald's UK. Research Objectives To evaluate the existing marketing strategies of McDonald's UK To compare traditional marketing communication and integrated marketing communications (IMC) To understand the importance of IMC To prepare a IMC plan for improving the performance of McDonald's UK To identify the challenges of implementing an IMC plan To suggest recommended strategies to minimise the challenges Research Questions What are the existing marketing strategies of McDonald's UK? What are the differences/similarities traditional marketing communication and integrated marketing communications (IMC)? What is the importance of IMC? What are the steps involved to prepare an IMC plan for improving the performance of McDonald's UK? What are the challenges of implementing an IMC plan? What are the recommended strategies to minimise the challenges? Literature Review Introduction It is important that an organization keep itself updated with the latest happenings in the market and the latest technologies, which will be beneficial for an organization. Gradually, the organization will aim at the different marketing strategies that will be helpful for the organization. The integrated marketing communication explains different factors that an organization should take into account to reach out to the consumers. This literature review will shed light in the importance of the integrated marketing communication by determining the various components of integrated marketing communication (Belch and Belch 2012). Eventually, it will move in to the development of the integrated marketing communication and evaluate the factors in every step. The literature review will take into account the difference between the traditional marketing communication and the integrated marketing communication. There will be a critical analysis regarding which marketing communication will be more beneficial for an organization. The integrated marketing communication model will throw light in various steps that will be taken into account while making a marketing plan. The general marketing mix will be linked with the integrated marketing communication mix. It is expected that the structure of the literature review will be helpful in getting an idea about the usefulness of the integrated marketing communication in an orga nization. Main body Marketing and promotion is one of the most important parts of a business. It is thorough proper marketing and correct promotion that an organization will be able to deliver their products and services to the people (Belch and Belch 2012). Integrated marketing communication takes into account various models and objectives and critically aims at reaching the audiences. Integrated marketing communication also aims at increasing the sales of an organization by engaging various technologies and marketing skills to attract the consumers (Caywood 2012). The marketing department of an organization first does a thorough market research to study the external environment and then chooses the components of the integrated marketing communication to reach out to the public. The components of integrated marketing communication are (Carroll 2013): Consumers The marketing strategy should be able to communicate with the consumers. Similarly, the answers should be able to get the information from the consumers properly so that they are able to understand the needs and the demands of the consumers (Clow and Baack 2012). It is the process of communicating with the consumers; the marketers will be able to understand the correct channel and methods that can be applied to communicate with the consumers. The marketers determine the thought process of the consumers and accordingly change the content of the messages that should be communicated to the consumers. Communication channels For any communication process to be successful, it is necessary that the marketers choose the proper communication channel (Jung 2013). If a group of consumers is unaware of the electronic media and then the marketers would make use of the print media to reach the consumers (Waller 2012). Hence, the market research is an integral part to find out the information regarding then suitable communication channel to be used to communicate with the consumers. Results The results decide whether the strategies used by the marketer to market and promote the products will yield good results (Kelly and Jones 2012). The results also decide whether the marketers should keep on using the strategy that they are using so they should bring any change in the strategies. Result leads the marketers to an evaluation process where they decide their future steps to yield good result. The components of the integrated marketing communication lets the marketers know the ways to develop an integrated marketing communication. The development of integrated communization follows the four simple steps: Tactical coordination Tactical coordination mainly deals with the contents. It involves the tactics applied by the marketers to develop the content of an advertisement to influence the consumers to buy their products (Shin 2013). This involves the interpersonal communication among the staffs to enhance the content and trace the consumers. Selecting the method of marketing communication This step mainly deals with the channels. The marketers take the feedback of the customers and the takes into account the demands of the costumers to seelct the proper channel (Shimp and Andrews 2013). The selection of the channel will help them to evaluate the proper channel that will be helpful in communicating with the consumers. Applying the information technology The step involves the application of the proper technology and referring to the database from where marketers will get the information regarding the customers who will be profitable for the organization (Shimp and Andrews 2012). This step will also help the marketers to identify the investors and consumers who will be profitable for the organization. Financial and strategic integrations In the final step the marketers accumulate the strategies and the financial integration and then evaluate the process. The final step also controls the marketing communications and has to make the changes accordingly to the demands of the consumers (Selvakumar 2013). The difference between the traditional marketing communication and the integrated communication varies accordingly Integrated Marketing Communication Traditional Marketing Communication The integrated marketing communication is integrated in one plan. The marketer develops different plan to reach out ti different customers with various demands Oriented to the customers: the marketing communication plan aims at satisfying the needs and demands of the consumers the marketing plan is planned in a way so that the consumers are attracted to the company and they are satisfied with the products and services Oriented to the organization: traditional marketing communication gives more importance to the goals of the organization and designs the services in a way so that it able to achieve the goals of the organization The communication programs are logical and continuous: The programs are aimed at acquiring new customers and delivering services delivering the services according demands and needs The communication program is not continuous. The marketers first thinks of achieving the goal then thinks of the customers and implemented new strategies to achieve those goals Aims at developing a strong relationship between the buyer and seller: They aim at developing a long term relationship with the customers so that they are able to retain the customers The marketer aims at short term sales. They aims to achieve the short-term goals and objectives and makes the plan to achieve the short-term goals rather than making long-term goals The integrated marketing communication has a target market and targeted audience. in addition to this, the marketers finds out the proper investors and the areas which will be beneficial for the organization and the marketing mix is targeted to get profit from the targeted audience The traditional marketing communication is aimed at a huge audience. The marketers do not have a specific set of customers or area where they aim to achieve the business. They target a widespread audience to promote their services and products. Out of the traditional marketing communication and the integrated marketing communication, it can be said the integrated marketing communication will be beneficial for an organization. The main reason behind the success of the integrated marketing communication is the focus on the consumers. The marketers who implement the integrated marketing communication take into the needs and demands of the consumers (Reviews 2013). They study the tastes and preference of the consumers and then decide which channel will be more suited for the organization to reach out to the consumers. On the other hand, the traditional marketing communication is more organizational goal oriented. It is important that the organizational goals be followed in an organization, yet there is a chance it might fail as the goals of the organization and the demands of the consumers might not match at every level. Moreover, the integrated marketing communication aims at long-term relationship among the consumers and the buyers rather than solving current problems or looking after the present objective, they at obtain the consumers who will stay with the organization (Nellermoe 2012). Once an organization gives more attention on the present states, chances are high that they will lose the consumers who are more advanced than the organization. Thus, the characteristics of integrated marketing communication will be beneficial for an organization as it helps in development of the organization on a long run, hence, an organization, which aims at a secure future is expected that it will prosper in the future rather than the organization, which aims at solving present and small issues. Thus, it is important that the organization move from traditional marketing communication to integrated marketing communication for the enhancement of the business. The integrated marketing communication further helps an organization to acquire the valuable stakeholders through proper advertising and promotion. Moreover, the access to database through various social media will be beneficial for the organization. however, it is important that the organization keeps into account the traditional marketing communication as well. It is important for an organization to keep a check on the short-term sales objectives as well. By overlooking the short-term objectives there is a chance theta the organization might lose an opportunity to get quick success, which will further help the organization to attain the long-term goal. Thus, a correct m mix of both integrated marketing communication and the traditional marketing communication is important for the organization. However, it is up to the o rganization to make the right choice of marketing communication. Integrated marketing communication model The integrated marketing communication models aims at differentiating the different steps that can be taken by a marketer to achieve the goals and targets of the organization. The marketing plan under the integrated marketing communication is divided into various steps which includes the elements of the marketing mix and the elements of the communication mix (Naeem, Bilal and Naz 2013). The marketing ix step includes he general marketing mix, which includes the four Ps of mating like, the price, products, promotion and place. The promotion of the general marketing mix leads to the integrated communication mix. The integrated communication mix takes into account the different channels through which the promotion or marketing is done. A number of factors are identifies in the integrated communication mix. The factors are, direct marketing, sales promotion, personal selling, publicity public relations, various events, word of mouth and the feedback of the employees. However, it is up to the organization to decide which channel they should choose to reach out of to employees. Moreover, it is important for the employees to decide the proper integrated communication mix so that the consumers are convinced by the ideas. Figure: Integrated Marketing Communication Model (Source: Koekemoer 2014) Conclusion The literature review takes into account the importance of the integrated marketing communications. The literature review concludes that integrated marketing communication will be helpful for an organization because it helps an organization in establishing a strong bond with the consumers. The bond further helps the organization in developing new business in the market. However, the present literature review of the research work mainly focuses in the importance of the integrated marketing communication. A further research can be conducted to study the perspectives of the consumers and the perspectives of the businessperson regarding the importance of the integrated marketing communication. The literature review ahs followed the following conceptual model. The conceptual model explains that the literature review will take into account the components of the integrated marketing communication. The components will be further helpful in development of the integrated marketing communication. It explained the difference between the traditional marketing communication and the integrated marketing communication. The model of integrated marketing communication links the general mating mix with the integrated marketing communication mix. The model links the promotion out of the four Ps of mating mix with the integrated marketing communication. The integrated marketing communication mainly takes into account the promotional activities incorporated by an organization to gain the customers from the market as well as retain then customers in future Figure 2: Conceptual Framework Research Methodology Introduction Research methodology implies the procedure to perform the research by concentrating on the problem statement (Robson and McCartan 2016. Appropriate research methods will be selected based on the research aims and objectives to derive expected conclusions. The research will be validated for interpreting research outcome by linking objectives with conclusion. Each research methods are essential for leading the entire research towards the right direction and for evaluating the importance of IMC for enhancing the performance of McDonald's UK. Research Onion Research onion is the systematic structure and way of performing a research to meet the research objectives through different significant steps (Anfara Jr and Mertz 2014). All the related steps are as follows: Figure 3: Research Onion (Source: Saunders et al., 2009, p-52) Research Philosophy Research philosophy is the key step of the research onion and all the other methods depend upon the philosophy (Bryman and Bell 2015). It is significant for the author to select the most appropriate philosophy for evaluating the parameters associated with IMC, where the learner has chosen McDonald's UK as a case study. The author has initiated to briefly analyse the insights of the research topic for pursuing the most suitable methods. Positivism philosophy is better for assessing the importance of IMC for enhancing the performance of McDonald's UK. Therefore, the learner can identify the real fact through identifying the parameters associated with IMC planning. Therefore, positivism is better than various other research philosophies such as post-positivism, realism and interpretivism for making detailed structure for the current research. Research Approach Research approach is the next layer in the research onion. Two basic research approaches that most of the researchers usually follow are Inductive and Deductive (Zikmund et al. 2012). Observation, data collection, data analysis (using effective analytical tools) and potential theories/hypothesis development related to the topic are followed by inductive approach (Dawson 2014). On the other hand, deductive approach follows theory selection, data analysis, hypothesis testing, theory implementation to analyse data and confirming theoretical evidences (Davidsson and Gordon 2012). In the current research, the author discussed the relevant theories of IMC in the previous chapter: literature review. The next chapter analyses the validity of theoretical evidences. In other words, the current research is based on confirmation of the theories selected for evaluating the ways an IMC plan could enhance the performance of McDonald's UK. Therefore, the current research follows deductive approach. Research Design Research design is the next layer of the research onion, where the author interprets the outcome of the data analysis on the basis of objectives and purpose of the research (Hair et al. 2012). Exploratory, explanatory and descriptive are three basic research designs (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Exploratory deign highlights the background information, whereas explanatory design evaluates the reasons behind the problems (Wilson 2014). On the other hand, descriptive design relates the research objectives with the research findings (Saunders, Lewis and Lewis 2012). The author relates the research findings and conclusion with the research objectives. Maintaining the connection between these two aspects throughout the study signifies the dedication and attentiveness towards the apprehensive areas of all the components required for the current research. Therefore, descriptive design is appropriate for the current research. Data Collection Process There are two key data collection process: primary and secondary data collection. The author will concentrate mostly on the primary data collection process (Anfara Jr and Mertz 2014). The research topic is based on the IMC plan, where the involvement of the employees and marketing managers of McDonald's UK is more important for gathering the data for analysis purpose. The employees and the marketing managers have better knowledge and information to justify why McDonald's UK is still unable to enhance their performance. They can also shed light on the importance of an effective IMC plan. This is why primary data collection is crucial. Primary data will be collected directly from the respondents for making the research outcome valid and reliable (Myers 2013). Sampling Method Sampling is a significant method for selecting the respondents to perform the survey, as the research involves collecting primary data (Dawson 2014). Sampling is the method of selecting appropriate research participants for the research (Davidsson and Gordon 2012). Probability sampling and non-probability sampling are two basic sampling methods and the author selects the non-probability sampling, especially the convenient sampling (Wilson 2014). Convenient sampling is basically used for minimising the variation of responses in case of the primary data collection (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Sample Size For the current research, the author will select 100 employees (quantitative data collection) and 10 marketing managers (qualitative data collection) of McDonald's UK. The sampling size is relatively larger and convenient sampling is essential for minimising the deviation of responses (Dawson 2014). Such approach will also help deriving expected conclusion from the research survey (Myers 2013). Research Method There are two research methods, will be used in the current research: qualitative and quantitative (Hair et al. 2012). Quantitative analysis is useful for analysing data obtained through a questionnaire survey (large number of respondents). Qualitative research helps understanding marketing management policies and strategies of McDonald's UK. Quantitative research method will be applied through the questionnaire survey, whereas, Qualitative research method will be applied through the interview with the marketing managers (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Summary The author will try adapting the most appropriate research techniques for each individual component of the research. The selection of the research methods solely depends upon the research aims and objectives. Research methodologies are selected systematically for maintaining sequences of the research onion. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis are conducted for evaluating the aspects associated with integrated marketing communications (IMC) and the importance of IMC for enhancing performance of McDonald's UK. Data Analysis Introduction The research outcome will be derived from the literature review and primary research data. Such data will be utilised for deriving conclusions by linking with the research objectives. All the research questions will be answered through the interpretation of primary data and analysis of the literature review. Data Analysis Methods Quantitative research will generate numeric values. In order to generate meaningful outcome, such numeric values will be analysed using various statistical data analysis tools such as MS Excel, SPSS and will be presented as percentage forms and in form of graphical charts. Ethical Consideration It is essential to manage the ethical issues, while conducting the research in a systematic fashion. Ethical aspects justify the reliability of the research based on genuine data obtained from the respondents. Sharing the data with any third-party organization or for any commercial purpose will not be entertained. Relevant information and personal information of the participants will be kept confidential and the participants have the complete authority to withdraw their names form the research anytime. The participants will be duly informed regarding the research objectives and purpose before starting the research. The research will also follow appropriate Harvard referencing style. Limitations of the Research The current research has some limitations: Performing the entire research mostly based on primary data is one of the key limitations. Evaluating secondary data by comparing historical result of McDonald's UK should be pursued for analysing the impacts and limitations of the existing marketing strategies. There are not enough evidences, where the companies have been significantly successful for implementing an IMC plan. In addition, the current research will not be essential to evaluate the importance of IMC plan for targeting different global markets like China and India (other than the UK). Greater sample size would enhance validity and reliability of the research outcome. The marketing managers will be interviewed through telephone calls, as face-to-face interview is not possible due to time limits. Therefore, the author will not be able to judge the body language and expression of the managers towards any particular question. Time Plan (Gantt chart) Task Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Planning And Preparing Dissertation Work Schedule Choosing Dissertation Research Topic Reading All Course Related Documentation Regarding The Dissertations Scheduling Sessions With The Supervisors Preparing Ideas For The Supervisors Undertaking Background Study Defining Research Title Planning Approach Or Research Methodology Preparing Literature Review Undertaking Literature Review Enquiring Regarding Ethics Procedures And Final Submission Research Plans Discussing Research Methodology With The Supervisor Undertaking Secondary Data Collection Secondary Data Collection Preparing Timetable Proofreading The Dissertation Final Submission Summary The current chapter summarises that the proposal for analysis will be linked back to the literature and the research questions. Statistical methods will be used to analyse the quantitative data. In addition, the research will follow all the relevant ethical guidelines. The research will have some limitations, especially in terms of limited budget and time. The current chapter also includes the time plan for the entire research with a Gantt chart format. Reference List Aboutmcdonalds.com, (2016). McDonalds Official Global Corporate Website :: AboutMcDonalds.com. [online] Available at: https://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd.html [Accessed 22 Feb. 2016]. Anfara Jr, V.A. and Mertz, N.T. eds., 2014.Theoretical frameworks in qualitative research. Sage Publications. Belch, G. and Belch, G. (2012). Advertising. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Australia. Belch, G. and Belch, M. (2012). Advertising and promotion. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Carroll, C. (2013). The handbook of communication and corporate reputation. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Caywood, C. (2012). The handbook of strategic public relations and integrated marketing communications. New York: McGraw-Hill. Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2012). Integrated advertising, promotion, and marketing communications. Boston: Prentice Hall. Davidsson, P. and Gordon, S.R., 2012. Panel studies of new venture creation: a methods-focused review and suggestions for future research.Small Business Economics,39(4), pp.853-876. Dawson, J.F., 2014. Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how.Journal of Business and Psychology,29(1), pp.1-19. Forbes.com, (2016). Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/list/ [Accessed 22 Feb. 2016]. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T.M. and Ringle, C.M., 2012. The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications.Long range planning,45(5), pp.320-340. Jung, H. (2013). Future information communication technology and applications. Dordrecht: Springer. Kelly, J. and Jones, S. (2012). The IMC handbook. [Chicago]: Racom Communications. Koekemoer, L. (2014). Marketing communication. South Africa: Juta. McDonalds UK, (2016). About us. [online] Available at: https://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/Aboutus.html [Accessed 22 Feb. 2016]. Myers, M.D., 2013.Qualitative research in business and management. Sage. Naeem, B., Bilal, M. and Naz, U. (2013). Integrated Marketing Communication: A Review Paper. 5th ed. [ebook] Available at: https://journal-archieves35.webs.com/124-133.pdf [Accessed 22 Feb. 2016]. Nellermoe, J. (2012). Integrated marketing communication. Reviews, C. (2013). Studyguide for integrated marketing communication by blakeman, robyn, isbn. [Place of publication not identified]: Academic Internet Publish. Robson, C. and McCartan, K., 2016.Real world research. Wiley. Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009) Research methods for business students, Page 52, 5th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Lewis, P., 2012.Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Harlow, UK: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Selvakumar, J. (2013). Dimensions of Integrated Marketing Communication. Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Shimp, T. and Andrews, J. (2012). Integrated marketing communications in advertising and promotion. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Shimp, T. and Andrews, J. (2013). Advertising, promotion, and other aspects of integrated marketing communications. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Shin, K. (2013). The executor of integrated marketing communications strategy. Berlin: Springer. Waller, D. (2012). Developing your integrated marketing communication plan. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill. Wilson, J., 2014.Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J. and Griffin, M., 2012.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Catcher In The Rye Emotions Essays - Literary Realism,

Catcher In The Rye Emotions The passage of adolescence has long served as the central theme for many novels, but The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, has captured the energy of this period of life by dramatizing Holden Caulfield's somewhat obscene language and emotional reactions. The Catcher in the Rye deals with an intelligent yet confused teenage boy struggling to see the genuineness in society. During his experiences, Holden tends to use easy, natural, but controversial language to help get his point across in an effective manner. As a result, the themes and messages Salinger attempts to get across appear more natural and believable, as if one was talking to Holden himself. Although seemingly inappropriate for society, the language used in throughout the novel is very appropriate for the character. At the time of the novel through today, Holden's speech rings true to the colloquial speech of teenagers, which includes both simple description and cursing. For example, Holden says, "Quite amusing and all." (Pg. 83), referring to the taxi driver. This oversimplifies the taxi driver, implying that Holden does not necessarily want to praise or demean the man. Also, Holden states that he will not tell his "whole goddamn autobiography or anything." (Pg. 1), which indicates Holden's hostility right from the start of the novel. The reader can easily pick up on Holden's stubbornness and views simply from his language, which can help in defining the character. Holden tends to use choice phrases to end his sentences, such as "and all" and "or anything" throughout the novel. Using these phrases, it can be said that these speech patterns are character traits since not everyone uses them. Also, Holden tend to use the phrase "if you want to know the truth" at the conclusion of many of his sentences. He feels compelled to verify his statements and prove that he is not lying, which may indicate a lot of his character. Because Holden failed out of a lot of schools and does not have any close friendships, he attempts to solidify some form of communication by verifying to the readers that he is, in fact, telling the truth. The speech patterns help individualize Holden and made his speech seem more authentic while making his dialogue conform to the contemporary society of the 1940's. The setting and theme in The Catcher in the Rye revolve around a teenage viewpoint. Therefore, non-grammatical and profane language is again appropriate in the monologues and dialogues throughout the novel. During this time period, teenagers first start to rebel against authority figures and express themselves more freely. Holden's language reflects upon these newfound values in that he curses and rarely uses proper English. At the time of the novel until today, light cursing is considered 'contemporary' and even somewhat acceptable in society. Holden seems to find it as an outlet to release his frustration, seeing as his experiences change, his language does as well. When he is enraged and caught up in the current situation, "sunuvabitch" and "bastard" find their way into his vocabulary quite frequently. However, when he simply addresses the readers as the narrator, Holden rarely slips into this extreme form of swearing. Salinger conducted these speech patterns so the reader can tell the extent and quality of Holden's anger, offering further insight into his character without lengthy word descriptions, in order to help identify which types of situations make him the angriest. As a whole, the vernacular speech we see from Holden Caulfield is very necessary in order for Salinger to present his ideas in an efficient manner. With his speech mannerisms, the reader is able to define Holden as a character much more easily than had the novel been written in proper English. The reader can identify where Holden feels compelled to curse in certain situations and how these circumstances affect him emotionally. Holden can be identified as a character who is unsure of himself, noting the constant using of "if you want to know the truth", yet puts on a cocky front, making him as phony as the characters he discriminates against. The Catcher in the Rye, however, depends on this language, for the novel would not be as effective without it. Readers would not be able to identify Holden's character very quickly, if at all, in that they would not see which situations upset Holden more than others. Also, the teenage perspective of the story would be lost, in that teenagers tend to use their choice phrases and light cursing. This would eventually turn the book into a mundane piece of

10 Facts About Chongqing, China

10 Facts About Chongqing, China Chongqing is one of Chinas four direct-controlled municipalities (the others are Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin). It is the largest of the municipalities by area and it is the only one that is located far away from the coast. Chongqing is located in southwestern China within Sichuan Province and shares borders with Shaanxi, Hunan, and Guizhou provinces. The city is known as being an important economic center along the Yangtze River as well as a historical and cultural center for the country of China. Population: 31,442,300 (2007 estimate)Land area: 31,766 square miles (82,300 sq km)Average elevation: 1,312 feet (400 m)Date of creation: March 14, 1997 10 Must-Know Facts Chongqing has a long history and historical evidence shows that the region was originally a state belonging to the Ba People and that it was established in the 11th century B.C.E. In 316 B.C.E., the area was taken over by the Qin and at that time a city called Jiang was built there and the region the city was in was known as the Chu Prefecture. The area was then renamed two more times in 581 and 1102 C.E.In 1189 C.E. Chongqing got its current name. In 1362 during Chinas Yuan Dynasty, a peasant rebel named Ming Yuzhen formed the Daxia Kingdom in the region. In 1621 Chongqing became the capital of the kingdom of Daliang (during Chinas Ming Dynasty). From 1627 to 1645, much of China was unstable as the Ming Dynasty began to lose its power and during that time, Chongqing and Sichuan Province were taken over by the rebels overthrowing the dynasty. Shortly thereafter the Qing Dynasty took control of China and immigration to the Chongqing area increased.In 1891 Chongqing became an important economic center in China as it became the first inland open to trade from outside China. In 1929 it became a municipality of the Republic of China and during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, it was attacked heavily by the Japanese Air Force. However much of the city was protected from damage because of its rugged, mountainous terrain. As a result of this natural protection, many of Chinas factories were moved to Chongqing and it quickly grew into an important industrial city. In 1954 the city became a sub-provincial city within Sichuan Province under the Peoples Republic of China. On March 14, 1997, however, the city was merged with the neighboring districts of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang and it was separated from Sichuan to form Chongqing Municipality, one of Chinas four direct-controlled municipalities.Today Chongqing is one of the most important economic centers in western China. It also has a diversified economy with major industries in processed food, automobile manufacturing, chemicals, textiles, machinery, and electronics. The city is also the largest area for the manufacture of motorcycles in China.As of 2007, Chongqing had a total population of 31,442,300 people. 3.9 million of these people live and work in the urban areas of the city while the majority of the people are farmers working in areas outside the urban core. In addition, there is a large number of people who are registered as residents of Chongqing with Chinas National Bureau of Sta tistics of China, but they have not yet officially moved into the city. Chongqing is located in western China at the end of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The region of Chongqing also includes several mountain ranges. These are the Daba Mountains in the north, the Wu Mountains in the east, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast and the Dalou Mountains in the south. Because of all of these mountain ranges, Chongqing has a hilly, varied topography and the average elevation of the city is 1,312 feet (400 m).Part of Chongqings early development as an economic center of China is due to its geographic location on large rivers. The city is intersected by the Jialing River as well as the Yangtze River. This location allowed the city to develop into an easily accessible manufacturing and trading center.The municipality of Chongqing is divided into several different subdivisions for local administrations. There are for example 19 districts, 17 counties and four autonomous counties within Chongqing. The total area of the city is 31,766 square miles (82,300 sq km) and m ost of it consists of rural farmland outside of the urban core. The climate of Chongqing is considered humid subtropical and it has four distinct seasons. Summers are very hot and humid while winters are short and mild. The average August high temperature for Chongqing is 92.5ËšF (33.6ËšC) and the average January low temperature is 43ËšF (6ËšC). Most of the citys precipitation falls during the summer and since it is located Sichuan Basin along the Yangtze River cloudy or foggy conditions are not uncommon. The city is nicknamed the Fog Capital of China. Reference Wikipedia.org. (23 May 2011). Chongqing - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.

Political Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Political Economy - Essay Example The post World War II world saw the mainstreaming of studies on cultural and creative industries as it was an absolute necessity to explore and grasp the changing nature of politics and economics in the developed countries. The end of the cold war marked the beginning of a 'cultural turn' in the globalized world. The worldwide dissemination of the values and attitudes of the West in general and the United States of America in particular has been the focus of attention for not only academicians but also for ordinary people from across the world. There have been intense debates over the impact of globalization and the consequent transformations in the realm of culture from a number of conflicting standpoints. The idea of cultural imperialism has been particularly influential in the understanding of the profound transformations that are taking place in the sphere of culture. Regardless of the difference among these contesting perspectives on the characterization of this cultural turn, there exists a consensus on the incredible role of global media as carrier of the unprecedented changes pertinent to culture at both global and local levels. However, culture should no longer be perceived as a locally bounde d 'whole way of life' as the components of culture themselves have profoundly changed. It has been suggested that culture should not be viewed as introverted, tied to place and inward looking as it used to be in history. Rather, culture is seen as an outward-looking 'translocal learning process'. The intangibility is one of the important factor in defining a cultural product or commodity. Certainly, the content of cultural commodities is immeasurable and 'cultural' in nature. Here, cultural means that the use value of a cultural commodity is satisfying some of the mental, psychological needs of a user in one way or another from a culturally determined standpoint. Speaking from the opposite, a cultural commodity has no 'physical' value apart from its ability to gratify given cultural tastes of a consumer. In broad terms, cultural industries are characterised by the production, creation, transmission, dissemination, registration, protection, participation and mass consumption of cultural and creative types of intangible and immeasurable contents, which are available in the market as exchangeable commodities or services. Globalisation represents not only the competitive distribution but also the co-operative sharing of cultural and creative goods. Cultural industries deal with the mechanisms of production, distribution and use of cultural goods. Laws and provisions concerning copyright and intellectual property rights are used to protect and ensure the value based exchangeability of such commodities and services in the marketplace. The term 'cultural industries' denotes that culture is part of the economic sector. The state considerably regulates the cultural industry as a sector of economy but not without political implications. Crafts, designs, printed and published materials, multimedia creations, pornographic

Develop a three year professional action plan Essay

Develop a three year professional action plan - Essay Example Health care would in fact be the number one industry in the United States. Operations research-type analysis and application for the complex problems involved would be of benefit to any health care system. The largest problem, there are not enough people considering careers in the health care industry. Currently, the health care industry in the United States faces many of the same issues confronting other industries, but there would be some significant political differences. Simultaneously, health care would be representative of a huge segment of the economy, and it needs our help. The people working as part of the healthcare system are generally dedicated to providing the best possible service. The problem is, the workforce and, more importantly, management, do not possess the necessary training or knowledge to make the best use of the available resources. Under these particular circumstances, it would be doubtful that any private industry would survive with the level of waste and inefficiency commonly seen in health care. Healthcare is a business like no other known business model. There would be multiple decision-makers with conflicting goals and objectives. The first consideration should be the acute care hospital. At this time, most hospitals in the United States, and in the case of Canada virtually all, are not-for-profit, independent corporations. Glouberman and Mintzberg would identify four different management groups for which they utilize the term four worlds within the hospital environment. Clinical operations are managed in a downward focus due to doctors and nurses and their focus on patient care. Managers and trustees focus in an upward consideration toward those who control or fund the institution. Moreover, employees, in this case managers and nurses, would practice some management within the institution, while doctors and trustees would manage outside the hospital as from the outside in, since they are technically not employees and are thus independent of its formal authority. The world of cure, which is characterized by short, intensive and essentially non-personal medical interventions, would be considered a quadrant of this particular ideal. Typically, North American doctors would not work directly for the hospitals. They are in fact private entrepreneurs who possess admission privileges at a hospital. There are a few who would consist as salaried hospital employees, but the majority would in fact consistently work on a fee-for-service basis with the hospital. To maximize their income, doctors would often make brief appearances whenever the patient requires a cure and intervention or treatment of some form. From this point they would move forward. As a potential healthcare manager it is best to understand the political and other interrelationships between doctors, nurses, hospital personnel and administration. Health care managers face another sector, which represents the world of care. This is the world represented by nurses. Nurses are providers who work directly for the hospital on salary and typically account for the largest component of its operating budget. They work in their own internal management hierarchy and have a unique relationship with patients. They are

Leadership Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership - Movie Review Example The fact that he and his men were wiped out eventually may be considered immaterial if one chose to look at it in terms of the leadership he displayed. In the film, Leonidas and his troop do not seem intimidated by the apparent strength of the opposing group. They look inspired and driven by a sense of self-belief? They are fighting for a purpose and will not stop at anything to defend their kingdom from external aggression. They are undeterred and willing to pay any price to defend their territory from foreign oppression by the Persians. Discussion It takes extraordinary leadership to venture into certain things. Leonidas must be an extraordinary leader to make his 300 men believe that they could be victors in a battle against 300 men. Kouzes and Posner (2012) outline certain five practices of exemplary leadership in any organization. An exemplary leader models the way. They have the quality of personal credibility. They inspire others to believe in their abilities. They stand up for what they believe in. Leonidas stands against oppression of the Spartans by the Persians. He certainly understands that the inner belief is superior to physical strength at the battlefront. He makes 300 men believe in him, and they line up against 300000 men. According Kouzes and Posner (2012), a leader models the way by building and affirming certain shared values that are embraced by all. Leonidas and his men share the belief that Greece should never be invaded by foreigners who would end up oppressing the Spartans. They fight for a common cause. The second practice of an exemplary leader comes out naturally at this point. It involves inspiring a shared vision.

The Important Parts Of Giving A Speech

The Important Parts Of Giving A Speech Firstly, the most important part of presenting a speech that cannot be done wrongly is the preparation for the speech which the speaker is about to deliver. There are a few mistakes made by the speaker that obviously shows that he is not prepared for his speech. One of the most obvious mistakes done by him was he did not rehearse his slides before his presentation. He even forgot the title of the speech he is delivering and had to refer back to the slides to see what his title was. As part of his preparation, he should rehearse his slides at least 7 times before he starts presenting his speech. He should stand in front of the mirror and practice presenting his speech so he can analyze what his presentation is lacking. With that tried, he could improve his speech delivery. Based on the text book written by Stephen E. Lucas, he quoted that a powerful speech could have genuine impact on the listeners and as a speaker he should have an ethical responsibility to consider that impact and t o make sure he is fully prepared so as he do not convey misleading information to the audience (Lucas, 2008). Misleading information could have cause tragic result to the audience as they trust the speaker for what they say. No matter what the topic is, the speaker should do extensive research to avoid any misleading or inappropriate information. Besides that, the title of the speech was too broad as well. This shows that he did not narrow down the topic. This part of his preparation is vital, as his topic should not be too broad and should be more focused before delivering to the audience. Otherwise, audience will not pay attention to what he is saying. Another mistake by the speaker was that his goals are not ethically sound. Based on the textbook, a speakers goal should be strong on its ground (Lucas, 2008). In his book, Stephen E. Lucas also mentioned that a responsible public speaker cant escape the ethical soundness of their goals. The speaker should also prepare cue cards so that he can refer and also to remind him about his points when he is delivering his speech. Cue cards should contain the key words which reminds the speakers of their points and explanations. No audiences want to see their speaker stutter on stage, because this shows the lack of confidence and lack of preparations for the speech. Thus, the preparation before a speech is a vital process in giving a speech. Secondly, another important part on presenting a speech is that cannot be done wrongly is the delivery to the audiences. The speaker made a few mistakes on the delivery aspects of his speech. To start off, he pauses frequently when delivering his ideas or thoughts due to the lack of preparations. Therefore, there are many awkward silences in the middle of his speech. Moreover, the speaker always filled the silence with the sound erm ah and so on and this is actually a very crucial mistake for a speaker. A speaker should not do that while delivering a speech because it will give the audience a negative perception or thoughts on that particular speakers intelligence. A good speaker should pauses his speech at the right time which means he should pauses in the end of his thoughts or ideas but not in the middle of it because it will confuse the audience. Secondly, the speakers voice is not clear and he likes to babble when he delivering the speech. These will actually make it difficult f or the audiences to listen to his points. As a result, the audience may not able to get full and precise information from the speaker. Therefore, voice clarity is actually an important factor in order to have an ideal speech delivery. Therefore, the speaker should speak and pronounce the word by word clearly to the audience regardless whether it is slow or fast.(Lucas, 2008) Besides that, another mistake the speaker made is that he did not use transitional devices or connectors in his speech. As a result, this could make the speech delivered ineffective because normally, connectors or transitional devices are used to signal the beginning and the end of the ideas, thoughts and sentence. In addition, the speaker also has problems with his body gestures when he is delivering his speech. To begin with, his body gesture throughout the speech delivery seems to be unnatural. As a result, the audience will feel that the speaker is not well-prepared or confident enough in delivering his spee ch. As we all know, body gestures normally appears naturally because it helps to clarify and reinforce the speakers idea. On the other hand, the speaker has a problem with his eye contact. He seems to not have eye contact with his audiences mainly because he is always looking back at the slides because he is not sure whether which point he should deliver next. Therefore, he loses his eye contact with his audience so he failed to analyze the audiences reactions and feelings while he was delivering his speech. He should prepare well and focus more on his eye contact with the audience because it is crucial to know what the feelings and reactions of the audience are while he is delivering his speech and identify his mistakes if he feels that audience is not comfortable with his speech delivery. Other than that, he is also having problems with his body movement when he gave the speech. From the video, we can see some of the body movement he likes to do. For instance, he likes to put his hand inside his pocket, lean forward, and shift his weight from one foot to another. This actually shows that he was nervous during the speech delivery. Moreover, there is also a disadvantage when a speaker leans forward because when a person leans forward, his head will look down to the floor so it will affect his voice projection. As a result, the voice is not projected straight to the audience instead the voice is projected to the floor. He should instead stand straight up while delivering the speech as to project his sound towards the audiences.( Lucas, 2008) To conclude, the delivery of a speech is a very important criteria. If done wrongly, it could cause mislay and inaccuracy of information. Thirdly, another important part of presenting a speech that cannot be done wrongly is the visual aids used. The mistakes that were made by the speaker while using visual aids can be categorized into two different categories, which is under the preparation of visual aids, and the presentation of visual aids. The first mistake that the speaker made from the category of preparations of visual aids is that the points in PowerPoint slides is not well organized and is complicated. Visual aids should be simple, clear, and straight to the point. Besides that, the points should be narrowed down and limit to a manageable amount of information. The basic rule is to include in your visual aid on only what you need to make your point. The second mistake is that the visual aids are too small for the audiences to see. There is no point for a visual aid if no one can see it. So bear in mind the size of the room in which you will be speaking and make sure your aid is big enough to be seen easily by e veryone. The third mistake is the use of unsuitable fonts. Not all fonts are suitable for visual aids. The speaker should avoid decorative fonts. He should try to use a limited number of fonts. Some variety of fonts in a visual aid is appealing, but can be distracting. (Lucas, 2008) Using two types of fonts as per heading and per content is sufficient for a visual aid as suggested by experts. The second category, presentation of visual aids, under which the speaker made a mistake, is that he actually talks to his visual aid instead of the audience. The speaker should talk to the audience and not to the visual aid. When explaining the visual aid, it is easy to break eye contact with audience and speak to the aid. Of course, the listeners are looking at the aid, and will need to glance at it time after time as the speaker talk. He may lose his audience if u keeps his eyes on his visual aids during the speech. By having eye contact with the audiences he may benefit from the feedbacks b y the audience on the visual aid he is using. Another mistake the speaker made is that the explanation is insufficient, not clear and not concise. Everyone knows visual aids do not explain it selves; the speaker needs to explain his visual aid to the audience. But sadly, all he does is reading from it. It is a fundamental knowledge of giving a speech that explaining the points on a visual aid is a must. The speaker should explain in detail what he included in the visual aid as it is vital information on his speech and it is important for the audience to understand it as it is the whole point of using a visual aid. The speaker should remember that a visual aid is useful only if the explanations come with it. (Lucas, 2008) Therefore, to fully utilize the visual aid, the speaker should avoid making these fundamental mistakes as it will cost him the audiences attention. Last but not least, another important aspect of giving a speech that cannot be done wrongly is the method of usage of the PowerPoint slides. The mistakes that the speaker made when he was using the PowerPoint slides can be divided into two categories, which is the format of the slides, and the delivery of the speech with the slides. The format of the PowerPoint slides consists of color, text, fonts, images, space, and animation of the slides. The first mistake the speaker made in the format of the slides is including too much texts in she slides. He should not include too much text in a single slide; including too much text will cause the font size to decrease, thus causing difficulty in reading for the audiences. He should instead limit himself to a few lines per slide and make it brief. The second mistake the speaker made is that he failed to give enough spaces for the contents in the slides due to the overload of texts per slide. This causes the slide to lack visual balance and co uld be hard for the audiences to read. According to textbook by Lucas, one must make sure that ones slide is provided with adequate amount of visual balance no matter what kind of element was included in a slide.( Lucas, 2008) Subsequently, the speaker also made a number of mistakes in delivering his speech using the PowerPoint slides. As we know, to deliver a speech using the slides needs good timing and careful planning. It will be disastrous if the slides went wrong during the presentation. The first mistake the speaker made in the delivery of the speech with the slides is that he could not find the slide he was looking for during the presentation. This means that he did not recheck his slides after doing them and may have left out some vital information. What he should do is to always double-check his slides for mistakes or in this case, left-out information. (Lucas, 2008) The second mistake that the speaker made is that he did not prepare and rehearse with his slides. This can be seen during which he had trouble linking his hand notes with his slides. The speaker abandoned the notes and read from the PowerPoint slides instead. He should have rehearse with his slides before presenting because using PowerPoint in presentation needs good timing and careful planning. Another mistake the speaker made is that he did not check the room and equipments provided before the speech. Judging by the fact that he did not use a projector to project is slide could mean two scenarios; either the room does not have a projector or the fact that his computers port is not compatible with the projector port. One way or the other, he should have checked the room and equipments and make necessary preparations or adjustment before deciding on doing a PowerPoint presentation. (Lucas, 2008) Thus, the mistakes that the speaker made in using the PowerPoint slides is very fundamental and should be avoided at all cost because it will gravely affect the outcome of the presentation. In conclusion, these four aspects, preparations, delivery, visual aids, and methods of using PowerPoint slides are of utmost importance and shouldnt be taken lightly by the speaker if he wants to give a good speech. Delivering a good speech is not a natural talent but a talent nurtured by the speaker themselves. Everyone can be a good speaker; all you need is sufficient preparation, proper delivery, easy to understand PowerPoint and also attractive visual aids. We believe that if all of these aspects were properly done then the speech delivered by the speaker will be convincing and attracting to the audiences. Good preparations for the speech will help the speaker so that he wont be nervous when he is delivering his speech and also to prevent him from forgetting his point. When delivering the speech the speaker should improve on his body gesture so that they dont look dull and unnatural to the audience. This is very important to prevent the audiences from losing attention to the spea ker. Attractive visual aids will further enhance the speakers point and help the audience to understand the speech better. Lastly the PowerPoint slides used to help the audience to understand the speech better should not have too many words so that it will not confuse the audience. It should be kept simple. With all that above done in by the speaker, the speech delivered by the speaker will be interesting and the messages will be conveyed successfully.

The Traitor :: Star Trek Essays Papers

The Traitor Despite the episode's title, The Defector is a story about a traitor. I can not agree that Admiral Jarok is any way but parenthetically defecting to the Federation -- he demonstrates love for his country and his people on several occasions. Instead I feel that he is a reluctant traitor motivated by personal rather than political reasons. The difference between the terms is subtle, but important: the term 'defector' should not imply traitorous crime, nor should the term 'traitor' imply defection. The term 'defector' is used to describe a person who has joined another country for ideological reasons. Defection is a political term and is only used to describe knowing and voluntary relocation due to ideological motivations. Someone's ideology is their overall view of or attitude toward life: their outlook, credo, or philosophy. (Nisus Dictionary.) A group of Zendik socialists, for example, defect from the United States when they move to Canada in protest against the market economy. A traitor, on the other hand, actively and knowingly participates in a decision or event that will harm his or her country. There are two important differences between these terms. First, the definition of traitor is non-specific when it comes to motivation. A traitor might betray his country for money, for love, for fame, or, certainly but not necessarily, for ideological reasons. Second, a defector is explicitly choosing to change geographical location in harmony with his ideals. The definition of a traitor does not include any reference to location, although a traitor may be exiled or he may -- additionally -- defect. (Kidder.) Since a defector is motivated by his ideology -- that is, an intellectual apprehension of his concepts of Right and Wrong -- his rejection of his country is both fundamental (starting at the most basic levels) and (therefore) complete. This understanding of the term can not include Admiral Jarok. Throughout the episode Jarok expresses love for his country in poignant ways. He shares reminiscent thoughts about Romulan Ale and the Romulan landscape with Data. More importantly he expresses his approval for at least one of the warlike maneuvers of his government. When he is brought into sickbay at the beginning of the episode Dr. Crusher makes obscure references to a previous medical situation following a Romulan military conflict. Obviously angry, Jarok interrupts her to place the blame on the Klingons, a Federation ally. (The Defector.) If Jarok were truly planning to defect it seems reasonable that he would be bitter, cynical, and disapproving of his country, not wistfully longing for it or defending it.

Race vs. Ethnicity Essay

If we were to go out on the streets today and ask â€Å"what is the difference between race and ethnicity?†, most people would probably answer â€Å"I don’t know† or â€Å" They are the same thing†. One of the most confused concepts of defining one another is the distinguishing of race and ethnicity. In the past, people either thought one was the other or there was simply no difference. Labeling people in the world is often done without proper knowledge and can lead to making a false accusation or offending someone. Race is associated with one’s biological ancestors, such as your physical appearance. While ethnicity is the identity with people who share similar cultural tradition. Ethnicity and race are different in many ways but are still often confused by many people today. For one thing ethnicity deals with one’s cultural background while race deals with a more genetic background. Geographers study where and why of ethnicity and its locations. Geographers also study where and why people of different races live where they are. Another difference between the two is that ethnicity isn’t as easy to tell by just looking at someone. But if you looked at someone to determine their race you could just tell by their skin color. Say you put a Caucasian male from Canada, Germany, America, and Ireland together in a line; it would be very difficult to distinguish which one from which. But you can easily determine that all the males are Caucasian. Ethnic groups typically seek to define themselves by their language, traditions, and religion; while race is usually defined by skin color. Defining people through race usually leads to prejudice and racism, the belief of one’s race is of superiority than all the others. It is preferred by most people to be identified through their ethnicity, since it represents their culture and doesn’t have the potential to be offensive. In conclusion, race and ethnicity are distinctly different yet are confused among most people of the world. Race is determined by skin color and physical attributes passed down from ancestors. Ethnicity is identifying with your cultural background including language, religion, and traditions. It is better to identify people through their ethnicities instead of their race to avoid offense. Most people do not know the difference between the two or think they are the same. Ethnicity and race connect in a way with each other, but they are and will always be distinct to one another.

Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Essays

Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Essays Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Paper Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Paper Essay Topic: Life Is Beautiful Montessori Education SA Montessori, Pre-Primary Philosophy 2 1Write a page about Maria Montessori’s family, 4 where they lived, her father’s profession, her mother and her siblings 2Where did Maria Montessori go to school, what did she study and why5 3Write about Maria Montessori’s Medical training, why, where6 4Note where she first practised medicine, why, and what did she learn7 5What was the ‘Children’s House’, where was it located, 9 what was Maria Montessori’s role 6When did Maria Montessori first start writing and why11 Why do you think Maria Montessori never married, substantiate with research12 8Who was the father of Maria Montessori’s son and why did they never marry 13 9Mario Montessori, write about his part in his mother’s life14 10What happened to Maria Montessori in Italy before World War II15 11Where did Maria Montessori Spend World War II16 12What effect, if any, did Maria Montessori’s 17 stay in India have on the spread of her method? 13How did the teaching colleges start and where18 14How did Maria Montessori spend her last few years of life, 19 where and when did she die Extracts from Maria Montessori’s Last Will and Testament20 15Try and find out what events and inventions took place in her life-time21 16Who were her contemporaries? 22 Important Dates In Maria Montessori’s Life24 Question One: -Write a page about Maria Montessori’s family, where they lived, the profession of her father, her mother and her siblings? Maria Montessori ?Maria Montessori’s parents were married in the spring on 1866; both mother and father were devoted to the liberation and the unity of Italy this was the common ground on which Maria Montessori’s parents met. They were devout Catholics. ?Alessandro Montessori was a descendant of a noble family from bologna, ? In his youth he was a soldier and then an accountant in the civil service in his later years, he was well known for his courteous politeness. ?â€Å"He was an old fashioned Gentleman, with a conservative temper and was of military habits†. (Rita Kramer, 1976, pg22). In the year 1865 Alessandro Montessori, aged 33 came to the town of Chiaravalle which was a provincial agricultural town and here he met the love of his life Renilde Stoppani then aged 25. Renilde Stoppani Montessori was the niece of the great philosopher-scientist-priest Antonio Stoppani a monument of him was erected at the University of Milan on the event of his death. ?Renilde was a beautiful a well educated woman for her time she loved to read books, this was incredible because in Chiaravalle, persons who could read and write their own names were praised, she was a firm believer in discipline, but loved her dau ghter and supported her in all she did, Renilde was very patriotic and was devoted to the ideals of the liberation and union for Italy, she was a lady of singular piety and charm. Renilde Montessori passed away in 1912. ?Alessandro Montessori and Renilde Stoppani were married within a year of his placement as a government civil service accountant in the small town of Ancona. ?After two years in Venice the couple moved back to Chiaravalle and it was a year later 1870 there were two major events the one being Italy became a unified and free nation the second being Alessandro and Renilde were blessed with a beautiful buddle of joy on August 31 and they named her Maria. ?In 1873 the government transferred Alessandro to the city of Florence and then his last move was to Rome in 1875. It was in Rome that Maria grew up. Maria Montessori did not have any siblings. Question Two: -Where did she go to school, what did she study and why? ?Maria was six when her parents enrolled her in first grade just 2 yrs before public education became mandatory. The first few years Maria was uncompetitive, receiving awards for good conduct and her needle work, she wanted to become an a ctress like most young girls of the time. ?At the age of twelve the family moved to Rome here she could receive a better education. ?At fourteen a keen interest in mathematics developed and Maria really enjoyed it, this was an interest that she carried throughout her life. Her parents suggested that she follow a career in teaching as this was one of the only professions available to young woman in the male dominated society in which Maria Montessori lived. She would not even consider it at this point. ?Due to her mathematical mind she decided she would like to follow a career in engineering which was seen as a very unusual career for a young lady. ?Maria Montessori attended a technical school for boys and graduated in 1886 and received very high marks in all her subjects her final score being 137 out of 150. After this she â€Å"attended Regio Instituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci from 1886 to 1890 (Kramer 1976)†. It was here that she studied modern languages and natural scienc es her favourite of all her classes was math. Question Three: -Write about her medical training, why, where, etc? ?When she was ready to graduate she was very drawn to the study of biological sciences her family were shocked to say the least but her father was very disapproving of her desire to study medicine he stopped short of forbidding her to continue with this idea. Maria first checked with the University of Rome and spoke to â€Å"Dr Guido Bacelli the head of the board of education†. Dr Bacelli explained to her in no uncertain terms that her desire to study medicine was not going to be happening, with this Maria stood up, shook hands cordially, thanked the Dr politely and then quietly remarked â€Å"I know I will be a Doctor of Medicine† she then bowed and left the room. ?Taking a new look at this problem Maria enrolled at the University to study physics, mathematics and natural sciences. In 1892 she passed her exams with and eight out of ten and received a †Å"Diploma di licenza† this made her eligible to study medicine. ?There was still the small matter of her being a woman that was standing in her way (there is not much recorded information on how she did it) but Maria persisted until she was accepted into the school. In the biography by Kramer it is mentioned that Pope Leo XIII helped her somehow. ?Montessori stood out not just because of her gender, but because she was actually intent on mastering the subject matter. She won a series of scholarships at medical school which, together with the money she earned through private tuition, enabled her to pay for most of her medical education. ?Her time at medical school was not easy. She faced prejudice from her male colleagues and had to work alone on dissections since these were not allowed to be done in mixed classes. ?She was a dedicated student and on July 10th 1896 Maria presented her thesis to a board of ten men, they were truly impressed with her and granted her the degree of doctor of medicine. ?This made her the first woman to graduate from Medical School in Italy. She graduated with a very impressive score of 105 considering anything over 100 was considered brilliant (Rita Kramer 1976) ? Her first post was in the universities psychiatric clinic ? Research work in psychiatric medicine and continued her education in philosophy, physiology and education. ?In 1904 Maria Montessori was appointed professor of anthropology at the University of Rome Question Four: -a) Note where she first practised Medicine, why? b) What did she learn? ?On graduation Maria was immediately employed in the San Giovanni Hospital attached to the University. It was later in that year she was asked to represent Italy at the International Congress for Women’s Rights and in her speech to the Congress she developed a thesis for social reform, arguing that women should be entitled to equal wages with men. A reporter covering the event asked her how her patients responded to a female doctor. She replied â€Å"†¦they know intuitively when someone really cares about t hem†¦ It is only the upper classes that have a prejudice against ? Women leading a useful existence. † 1 ?In November 1896 Montessori added the appointment as surgical assistant at Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome to her portfolio of tasks. Much of her work there was with the poor, and particularly with their children. As a doctor she was noted for the way in which she ‘tended’ her patients, making sure they were warm and properly fed as well as diagnosing and treating their illnesses. ?In 1897 she volunteered to join a research programme at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome and it was here that she worked alongside Giusseppe Montesano As part of her work at the clinic she would visit Rome’s asylums for the insane, seeking patients for treatment at the clinic. She relates how, on one such visit the caretaker of a children’s asylum told her with disgust how the children grabbed crumbs off the floor after their meal. ?Montessori realised that in such a bare unfurnished room the children were desperate for ? Sensorial stimulation and activities for their hands, and that this deprivation was contributing to their condition. ?She began to read all she could on the subject of mentally retarded children and in particular she studied the groundbreaking work of two early 19th century Frenchmen, Jean-Marc Itard, who made his name working with the ‘wild boy of Aveyron’ and Edouard Seguin, his student. She was so keen to understand their work properly that she translated it herself from French into Italian. Itard developed a technique of education through the senses which Seguin later tried to adapt to mainstream education. Highly critical of the regimented schooling of the time, Seguin emphasised respect and understanding for each individual child. He created practical apparatus and equipment to help develop the child’s sensory perceptions and motor skills, which Montessori was to later develop in new ways. During the 1897-98 University terms she sought to expand her knowledge of education by attending courses in pedagogy, studying the works of Rousseau, Pestallozzi and Froebel. Some sixty years earlier, Froebel had established a school for very young children which placed an emphasis on play in early learning. In these ‘Kindergartens’ Froebel devised a series of toys or apparatus which he called ‘gifts’. ?Research work in psychiatric medicine and continued her education in philosophy, physiology and education. ?In 1904 Maria was appointed professor of anthropology at the University of Rome. Question Five: -a) What was the ‘Children’s house’ and where was it Located? b) What was Maria Montessori’s role? ?Maria was given a menial task: to try to educate the idiots and the uneducable in Rome ? On 6 January 1907 Maria Montessori opened her first school â€Å"Casa dei Bambini† (Children’s House), in probably one of the poorest areas in Rome the notorious â€Å"Quartered di San Lorenzo. † ? Within six months of opening the Casa dei Bambini, people from all walks of life, from every continent came to see Maria Montessoris miracle children. In observing all these developments in the children, Montessori felt she had identified significant and up till then unknown facts about childrens behaviour. She also knew that, in order to consider these developments as representing universal truths, she must study them under different conditions and be able to reproduce them. ?In this spirit, a second school was opened in San Lorenzo that sam e year. ?A third in Milan and a fourth in Rome in 1908, the school in Rome was for children of well-to-do parents. By the autumn of 1908 there were five Casa dei Bambini operating, four in Rome and one in Milan. Children in a Casa dei Bambini made extraordinary progress and soon five year olds were writing and reading. News of Montessori’s new approach spread rapidly and visitors arrived to see for themselves how she was achieving such results. Within a year the Italian speaking part of Switzerland began switching its kindergartens to the Montessori approach and the spread of the new educational approach began. The school was for children between the ages of three and six, each of these children came from extremely poor families, and most of the parents were illiterate. ?The children themselves were â€Å"rough and shy in manner† they were very tearful and frightened, their faces expressionless and their bewilderment in their eyes was as though they had never seen anyt hing in their lives. ?These children were referred to as â€Å"idiots† and uneducable ? Maria Montessori was quoted in saying: It was January 6th (1907), when the first school was opened for small, normal children of between three and six years of age. I cannot say on my methods, for these did not yet exist. But in the school that was opened my method was shortly to come into being. On that day there was nothing to be seen but about fifty wretchedly poor children, rough and shy in manner, many of them crying, almost all the children of illiterate parents, who had been entrusted to my care They were tearful, frightened children, so shy that it was impossible to get them to speak; their faces were expressionless, with bewildered eyes as though they had never seen anything in their lives. It would be interesting to know the original circumstances that enabled these children to undergo such an extraordinary transformation, or rather, that brought about the appearance of new children, whose souls revealed themselves with such radiance as to spread a light through the whole world. ? By 1909, all of Italian Switzerland began using Montessoris methods in their orphan asylums and childrens homes. Question Six: -When did Maria Montessori f irst start writing and why? ?Maria Montessori’s book â€Å"The Montessori Method† was published in 1909. The book was originally titled â€Å"The Method of Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Infant Education and the Childrens House† and it was later re-titled to â€Å"The Discovery of the Child†. ?Maria Montessori began writing to document her findings and to share her knowledge with all people. ?Word of Montessoris work spread rapidly. ?Visitors from all over the world arrived at the Montessori schools to verify with their own eyes the reports of these remarkable children. ?Montessori began a life of world travel- -establishing schools and teacher training centres, lecturing and writing. The first comprehensive account of her work, The Montessori Method. Question Seven: -Why do you think Maria Montessori did not marry – substantiate with research. ?It was very difficult for Maria Montessori to become a doctor as this was a male dominated profession , it was unheard of that a woman do medicine, all of the other student doctors were men. They men made fun of her and threatened her. The only way she could do what she wanted to was to block them out completely and I think this was one of the reasons Maria never married. I think it was also due to Dr Montesano’s dishonesty (as discussed in Question 8) that destroyed her faith in men; Dr Maria Montessori was a woman with great integrity and high moral standing. ?I also believe that she was totally emerged in her work and perhaps did not want the distraction, she was totally devoted to her work, and this is clearly evident in her writings. Question Eight: -Who was the father of Maria Montessori’s son and why did they not marry? (You may have to research this one). ?When Maria Montessori was at the Orthophrenic School, she worked with Dr. Giuseppe Montesano. One thing led to another, and they had an affair. Maria Montessori’s mother was devastated and knew that a scandal could destroy her daughters career. It was not the done thing in the day to have a child out of wedlock and therefore everything was kept quiet. ?She gave birth to a son, Mario Montessori. ?Mario was sent to a wet nurse and then lived with family in the country near Rome. ?There are many different takes on this part of Maria Montessori’s life one group said that Dr Maria Montessori and Dr Giuseppe Montesano agreed not to marry, they would also keep their relationship a secret and by doing so they would not reveal that he was Mario Montessori’s Father. They agreed that neither of them would ever marry another person, it was not long after this that Dr Montesano fell in love and married some-one else, Montessori and Montesano still worked together on a daily basis in constant contact and it was this betrayal of trust that prompted her to leave the Orthophrenic School ? Biographer Kramer speculated that Maria Montessori’s pregnancy as well as the break up w ith Dr. Montesano must have occurred in 1901 as this is when Maria Montessori suddenly resigned from the Orthophrenic School, and for about a year M. M was out of the public eye, she also abandoned her successful work with defective hildren at this time. Question Nine: -Mario Montessori – Write about his part in his mother’s life. ?On 20th December 1912 Maria Montessori’s her mother died at the age of seventy-two. ?Maria was deeply affected by this event and in the year following her mother’s death she brought her fourteen year-old son Mario to Rome to live with her. ?His dedication to her was of his own free will and it can not be said that it was because of a mother/son attachment. ?Mario Montessori had many loves in his life but none compared to the love he had for his mother and her work. His love for her was encompassing and it dominated his entire existence. He lived for her, with her but definitely not through her. ?Mario Montessori had no real scholastic or academic background but his total understanding of his mother’s work. His intuitive intelligence and openness of spirit allowed him to keep abreast with her quantum leaps from the first to the nth dimension even sometimes arriving just ahead, thus enabling her to soar even further. There was nothing his mother deducted, developed or stated that ever surprised him. It was said that thanks to Mario Montessori his mother never suffered the isolation that is common to genius, he was not just a sounding board for her ideas; he helped her to clarify them and give them shape, by doing this she was able to continue developing her unique mind to the end. Mario Montessori also presented his mother with fresh, new ideas. ?He began taking more of the workload from his mother as she grew older He would do the organi zing of courses, examining students, lecturing on materials, practical life etc. He coped with any unexpected complications during the training courses. By doing this he enabled Maria Montessori to concentrate fully on her creative work. As the years progressed, their complicity became total. Without him she would have grown frustrated by the lack of understanding of those around her, she would have retreated spiritual isolation, unable to cope and fight alone to preserve the purity of her work. ?It was because of his understanding, his enthusiasm and belief in her vision for the development of mankind; he became a pillar of her work. ?Even after she died, Mario Montessori continued the fight for the child the child, father of man. Here is an extract form the Last Will and Testament of Maria Montessori, and perhaps we can understand from this the importance of her son in her life. Question Ten: -What happened to Maria Montessori in Italy before World War II? ?The Spanish government invited Maria to set up a research institute which she did in 1917. She began conducting a series of teacher-training courses in London in the year 1919. ?In 1922, Benito Mussolini took over the government of Italy. Mussolini being a politician wanted Maria on his side. So, initially he encouraged and fully supported the Montessori movement in Italy. The government of Italy funded the Montessori schools and also helped Maria establish a training centre for teachers. ?Mussolini was nurturing colonial ambitions and in 1934 he was planning an attack on the African state of Abyssinia. ?To carry out his designs he needed the people of Italy, especially the youth, to be war-minded. To achieve this he set up a Fascist youth organisation whose members wore uniform at all times and gave the Fascist salute. ?Mussolini insisted that all children should enrol into this organisation. This meant even children from the Montessori schools should join. Maria disagreed with this and would not compro mise her principles and her beliefs to comply with his wishes. ?With this Mussolini ordered the immediate closure of all Montessori schools, and with this Maria was exiled from Italy. ?She moved to Spain and lived there until 1936. This again was a mistake. A civil war broke out in Spain. General Franco another fascist took over the government of Spain. She was rescued by a British cruiser. Maria opted to stay in the Netherlands for sometime. In 1938, she opened the Montessori Training Centre in Laren in the Netherlands. She continued with her work in the country till 1939. Question Eleven: Where did Maria Montessori spend World War II? ?Maria Montessori Spent World War II in India. ?It was here that she developed her â€Å"Education for Peace†, and developed many of the ideas taught in her training courses today. ?The outbreak of the World War II made Maria extend her stay in India. ?In 1940, when India entered the war, she and her son were interned as enemy aliens, but Maria was allowed to conduct training courses. ?She continued to stay in India till 1946 well after the war. ?She returned to Europe for a brief period. In 1947, she founded the Montessori Centre in London. ?In 1949 Maria Montessori travelled to Pakistan and also toured Europe in the same year. ?In 1951 Maria toured Austria. Question Twelve: -What effect, if any, did Maria Montessori’s stay in India have on the spread of her method? ?In 1939, the Theosophical Society of India extended an invitation to Maria Montessori who was 69 years of age. She accepted the invitation and reached India the same year. The journey from Holland in those days was very tedious. But this did not seem to trouble Maria. She was full of energy and keen to start work in India. She made Adayar, Chennai her home and lived there along with her son, Mario. Here, Dr. Maria came in close contact with Rukmini Devi, a Bharat Natyam dancer and the founder of the world famous centre for music, dance, and other fine arts Kalakshetra and her husband George Sidney Arundale, who was the president of the Theosophical Society of India. ?Between 1939 and 1949, Maria Montessori, with the help of her son Mario, conducted sixteen Indian Montessori Training Courses, thus laying a very sound foundation for the Montessori movement in India. Question Thirteen: How did the teaching Colleges start and where? In 1909 she gave her first Montessori course, expecting to have as students only Italian teachers. ?There were about 100 students that atte nded ?To her amazement people attended from many different countries. Probably that was the origin of what would become a serious handicap in the evolution of Montessori pedagogy. Since the beginning Montessori pedagogy has been appropriated, interpreted, misinterpreted, exploited, propagated, torn to shreds and the shreds magnified into systems, reconstituted, used, abused and disabused, gone into oblivion and undergone multiple renaissances. There are various reasons why this should be so. Perhaps the most important is that although Montessori pedagogy is known as the Montessori Method, it is not a method of education, in other words, it is not a programme for teachers to apply. Maria Montessori was not a teacher. ?In the summer of 1909 Dr Montessori gave her first training course in her approach to around 100 students. ?Her notes from this period developed into The Montessori Method, which was published in the United States in 1912, reaching second place in the US non-fiction bes t sellers. Soon afterwards it was translated in to twenty different languages. It has become a major influence in the field of education. Question Fourteen: How did Maria Montessori spend her last years of life? When and where did she die? ?Maria Montessori was nominated for the Nobel Peace for three consecutive years, 1949, 1950, 1951. But sadly the Nobel Prize eluded her on all three occasions. ?In 1951, Maria Montessori went to Holland from India. She made Noordwijk aan Zee, which is a coastal town, her home. The last few days of Montessoris life were characterized by the same activity and zeal she had shown throughout her career. ?Her long and self-sacrificing labours on behalf of the child came to a sudden end on the 6th of May, 1952. Maria was 82 years when she passed away. ?Her work lives on till today through the thousands of proud Montessorians all over the world who are continuing with her good work. Extracts From Maria Montessoris Last Will and Testament I declare that i t is my wish that Mario Montessori be the general executor of this my Will. ith regard to my property, I declare that this belongs both materially and spiritually, to my son: that is, to him belong by right not only the material goods of every kind or sort that I may eventually possess at any time of my life until the end; but to him belongs by right also, everything that may accrue from my social and intellectual works, either because they were inspired by him or because, from the time that he was able to act in the world, they were undertaken with his actual and constant collaboration, since he totally dedicated his life to helping me and my work. Therefore he is the sole heir to my work, and the only one qualified to be entrusted with the safekeeping and preservation of my work; and thus the legitimate and rightful successor to the work that I have embarked upon and that I hope he may continue and successfully complete, for the benefit of that humanity that together we have loved, finding in our shared ideals and actions the highest solace of our lives. So be it: and may his children bring him consolation; and may the world render him justice, according to his merits, which I know to be great and sublime. Revoking all preceding Wills, I declare this to be my last and only valid Will. I sign with my name. And so may friends and all those who benefit from my work, feel their debt toward my son! Question Fifteen: Try and find out what events and inventions took place in her life-time? The telephone and patent issues ?Bell filed an application to patent his speaking telephone in the United States on February 14, 1876, ? On June 3, 1880, Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the first wireless telephone message on his newly invented photo phone. ?Bell believed the photo phone was his most important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. ?Of the eighteen patents granted in Bells name alone, and the twelve he shared with his collaborators, four were for the photo phone. Colour Photography ?Was explored throughout the 1800s. Initial experiments in colour could not fix the photograph and prevent the colour from fading. ?The first permanent colour photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell. ?The first colour film, Auto chrome, did not reach the market until 1907 and was based on dyed dots of potato starch. Other systems of colour photography included that invented by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, which involved three separate monochrome exposures of a still scene through red, green, and blue filters. ?The first modern colour film, Kodachrome, was introduced in 1935 based on three colour emulsions. ?Most modern colour films, except Kodachrome, are based on technology developed for Agfa colour (as Agfacolor Neue) in 1936. ?Instan t colour film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963. Question Sixteen: Who were her contemporaries? A few of Maria Montessori’s contemporaries were Helen Keller (1880 – 1968) It was with a great deal of willpower and determination that Helen Keller became a world-famous speaker, author, lecturer and activist. ?She was an extraordinary lady because when she was 19 months old was struck by a fever that left her blind and deaf for the rest of her natural life. ?At the age of 7 she had invented over sixty different signs that she could use to communicate with her family. ?Graduated from Radcliffe, ?Gave many speeches on behalf of the physically handicapped and wrote several books ? Helen Keller made it her life’s mission to fight for the sensorially handicapped in the world Aletta Jacobs (1854 – 1929) Aletta Jacobs was the first woman in Dutch history to be officially admitted to university. ?This took place in 1871. As a schoolgirl she had written a letter to Prime Minister Thorbecke requesting permission to be allowed to attend â€Å"academic classes†. ?Aletta Jacobs’ dream was to become a doctor. ?Thorbecke answered within a week, but did not write to Aletta herself. Instead, he wrote to her father that permission had been granted. ?So, thanks to a seventeen-year-old girl, in 1871 universities in the Netherlands were opened to women. Prior to this time, universities and most schools as well, were only open to young men. It was with the exception that Anna Maria van Schurman, an educated woman (she had a command of no less than ten languages) who lived in the seventeenth century, had ever been allowed to attend any lectures (in Utrecht). However, she had had to sit behind a curtain so as not to cause a distraction for the young men. ?Throughout her life, she fought for the rights of women. ?As a doctor, for example, she opened a practice that assisted women with contraception so that they did not have to be pregnant every year. ?She also fought against the abuses of the retail trade. Aletta Jacobs also fought for the right to vote for women. ?It was only in 1919 that the right to vote for women was established. In 1922, Dutch women voted for the first time. Aletta Jacobs was 68 years old at the time. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884 – 1962) ?Was an American human rights activist, a diplomat and of course she was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s wife who was president from 1933-1945 making her, the longest serving First Lady of The United States Of America. ?Eleanor Roosevelt was active in the formations of numerous institutions most notably the United Nations, United Nations Association and Freedom House. She chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ?President Harry S. Truman called her ‘The First Lady of the world† in honour of her extensive travels to promote human rights. ?She travelled for President Roosevelt during World War II visit ing troops at the frontline. ?She was a first-wave feminist and an active supporter of the American Civil Rights movement. Amelia Earhart (1897 – 1937? ) ?A famous American aviator, known for breaking new ground for female pilots. She is remembered for her mysterious disappearance during a flight over the Pacific Ocean? While trying to fly around the world. ?She was the first American woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean alone. Alexander Graham Bell (3 March 1847 – 2 August 1922) ?He was a scientist, inventor and the founder of the Bell Telephone Company as the â€Å"Father of the telephone. ?In to his work in telecommunications technology, he was responsible for important advances in aviation and hydrofoil technology. Researched by Alana Jane Polyblank Information from Wikipedia and other sites on Maria Montessori